CAFL-L: Constraint-Aware Federated Learning with Lagrangian Dual Optimization for On-Device Language Models

We introduce Constraint-Aware Federated Learning with Lagrangian Dual Optimization (CAFL-L), a principled extension of FedAvg that explicitly incorporates device-level resource constraints including energy, communication, memory, and thermal budgets. CAFL-L employs Lagrangian dual optimization to dynamically adapt training hyperparameters: freezing depth, local steps, batch size, and communication compression while preserving training stability through token budget preservation via gradient accumulation. Experiments on a character-level language model demonstrate that CAFL-L achieves superior constraint satisfaction compared to standard FedAvg (reducing memory usage by 20\% and communication by 95\%) while maintaining competitive validation performance, making it practical for deployment on resource-constrained edge devices.