CAST: Causal Modeling of Time-Varying Treatment Effects on Head and Neck Cancer

Causal machine learning (CML) is quickly gaining recognition in medical research because it offers better strategies to estimate treatment effects in complex real-world data, helping guide treatment optimization. Causal survival forests (CSF) are a powerful CML method for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects on survival outcomes, which are essential for informed healthcare decision-making. However, they only estimate at a fixed horizon, rather than at multiple time points. We introduce Causal Analysis for Survival Trajectories (CAST), a novel extension of CSF that models treatment effects as continuous parametric and non-parametric effect trajectories over time. Applied to the RADCURE dataset [0] of 2,651 head and neck cancer patients, CAST reveals how the effects of chemotherapy (added to radiotherapy) evolve over time at the population and individual levels. By capturing the temporal dynamics of treatment response, CAST can help clinicians to determine when and for which patient subgroups treatment benefits are maximized.