SpellerSSL: Self-Supervised Learning with P300 Aggregation for Speller BCIs

Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based P300 speller brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) face three main challenges: low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), poor generalization, and time-consuming calibration. We propose SpellerSSL, a framework that integrates self-supervised learning (SSL) with P300 aggregation to address these issues. First, we introduce an aggregation strategy to enhance SNR. Second, a customized 1D U-Net backbone is pretrained on cross- and in-domain EEG to improve generalization, and then fine-tuned with a lightweight ERP-Head classifier for subject-specific P300 detection. Our evaluations on calibration time demonstrate that combining the aggregation strategy with SSL significantly reduces the calibration burden per subject and improves robustness across subjects. Experimental results show that SSL learns effective EEG representations in both in-domain and cross-domain, with in-domain achieving a state-of-the-art character recognition rate of 94\% with only 7 repetitions and the highest information transfer rate (ITR) of 21.86~bits/min on the public II-B dataset. Moreover, in-domain SSL with P300 aggregation reduces the required calibration size by 60\% while maintaining a comparable character recognition rate. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply SSL to P300 spellers, highlighting its potential to improve both efficiency and generalization in speller BCIs and paving the way toward an EEG foundation model. The code is available at: https://github.com/Emotiv/SpellerSSL-NeurIPS2025