ARIA: Training Language Agents with Intention-driven Reward Aggregation

Large language models (LLMs) have enabled agents to perform complex reasoning and decision-making through free-form language interactions. However, in open-ended language action environments (e.g., negotiation or question-asking games), the action space can be formulated as a joint distribution over tokens, resulting in an extremely large and combinatorial action space. Sampling actions in such a space can lead to extreme reward sparsity, which brings large reward variance, hindering effective reinforcement learning (RL). To address this, we propose ARIA, a method that Aggregates Rewards in Intention space to enable efficient and effective language Agents training. ARIA aims to project natural language actions from the high-dimensional joint token distribution space into a low-dimensional intention space, where semantically similar actions are clustered and assigned shared rewards. This intention-aware reward aggregation reduces reward variance by densifying reward signals, fostering efficient and effective policy optimization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ARIA not only significantly reduces gradient variance, but also delivers substantial performance gains of average 9.95% across four downstream tasks (e.g., negotiation and text-based games), consistently outperforming strong offline and online RL baselines.