Exploring Semantic-constrained Adversarial Example with Instruction Uncertainty Reduction

Recently, semantically constrained adversarial examples (SemanticAE), which are directly generated from natural language instructions, have become a promising avenue for future research due to their flexible attacking forms, but have not been thoroughly explored yet. To generate SemanticAEs, current methods fall short of satisfactory attacking ability as the key underlying factors of semantic uncertainty in human instructions, such as $\textit{referring diversity}$, $\textit{descriptive incompleteness}$, and $\textit{boundary ambiguity}$, have not been fully investigated. To tackle the issues, this paper develops a multi-dimensional $\textbf{ins}$truction $\textbf{u}$ncertainty $\textbf{r}$eduction ($\textbf{InSUR}$) framework to generate more satisfactory SemanticAE, $\textit{i.e.}$, transferable, adaptive, and effective. Specifically, in the dimension of the sampling method, we propose the residual-driven attacking direction stabilization to alleviate the unstable adversarial optimization caused by the diversity of language references. By coarsely predicting the language-guided sampling process, the optimization process will be stabilized by the designed ResAdv-DDIM sampler, therefore releasing the transferable and robust adversarial capability of multi-step diffusion models. In task modeling, we propose the context-encoded attacking scenario constraint to supplement the missing knowledge from incomplete human instructions. Guidance masking and renderer integration are proposed to regulate the constraints of 2D/3D SemanticAE, activating stronger scenario-adapted attacks. Moreover, in the dimension of generator evaluation, we propose the semantic-abstracted attacking evaluation enhancement by clarifying the evaluation boundary based on the label taxonomy, facilitating the development of more effective SemanticAE generators. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of the transfer attack performance of InSUR. Besides, it is worth highlighting that we realize the reference-free generation of semantically constrained 3D adversarial examples by utilizing language-guided 3D generation models for the first time.