On the Abilities of Mathematical Extrapolation with Implicit Models

Deep neural networks excel on a variety of different tasks, often surpassing human intelligence. However, when presented with out-of-distribution data, these models tend to break down even on the simplest tasks. In this paper, we compare implicitly-defined and classical deep learning models on a series of mathematical extrapolation tasks, where the models are tested with out-of-distribution samples during inference time. Throughout our experiments, implicit models greatly outperform classical deep learning networks that overfit the training distribution. We showcase implicit models' unique advantages for extrapolation thanks to their flexible and selective framework. Implicit models, with potentially unlimited depth, not only adapt well to out-of-distribution data but also understand the underlying structure of inputs much better.