Multi-Party Backchannel Prediction: a Diagnosis, a Benchmark, and a Ceiling

Backchannel prediction has been studied almost entirely in dyadic conversation. We introduce a multi-party benchmark based on the AMI corpus, comprising 682 masked-listener views from 171 meetings, 190 speakers, and 18{,}697 backchannel events, with a person-disjoint held-out split. A state-of-the-art dyadic model applied zero-shot to meeting audio performs at chance (AUROC $0.499$), nevertheless its frozen acoustic features remain informative: a linear probe reaches $0.704$, and retraining the predictor raises performance to $0.751$. Retraining reveals a second limitation. Listener conditioning improves prediction for listeners seen during training but not for unseen listeners, and the gap remains under capacity reduction, listener-adversarial training, per-listener adaptation, and oracle lexical conditioning. Adversarial training removes only part of the speaker-identity information, while stronger removal hurts prediction, suggesting that identity is entangled with cues that are useful for backchanneling. A within-model control helps explain this pattern: with the same features and data splits, turn-onset prediction transfers to unseen listeners, while backchannel prediction does not. Backchannel rates also vary about twice as much across individuals as turn-onset rates. Since backchannels occupy only about $1\%$ of frames, frame-level F1 is strongly affected by the base rate. We therefore report AUROC alongside event-F1 on listener-active regions. We release the benchmark and evaluation.